{"id":9884,"date":"2025-10-14T14:42:27","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T21:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/?page_id=9884"},"modified":"2026-07-05T08:32:09","modified_gmt":"2026-07-05T15:32:09","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Zionism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1040px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"margin-bottom:10px;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Zionism: Historical Review<\/h2>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1260\" height=\"850\" title=\"Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9063\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2-200x135.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2-400x270.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2-600x405.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2-800x540.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Fifth_Zionist_Congress_Base-2.jpg 1260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Postcard of the fifth Zionist congress in Basel Switzerland in 1901<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div style=\"text-align:right;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/oldnewland-cover-png-400x539.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-8952\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/oldnewland-cover-png-200x270.png 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/oldnewland-cover-png-400x539.png 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/oldnewland-cover-png-600x809.png 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/oldnewland-cover-png.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"margin-right:5%;margin-left:25%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">First edition in 1902 of Herzl&#8217;s novel <em>OldNewLand<\/em>, projecting his vision of a homeland for the Jews<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 5.76%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.88%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"margin-top:4%;margin-bottom:10%;\"><p>The modern Zionist movement began in Europe in the late-19th century, aiming to establish a homeland for the Jewish people. With\u00a0 antisemitism on the rise everywhere in Europe &#8212; Central and Eastern Europe especially &#8212; Jews faced the question: Living in a nation state\u00a0 or empire that unshakably regards us as &#8220;other&#8221; (greedy, clever, deceptive, etc.), what hope for the future can we have? Is assimilation, which many of us have relied on in the past, a plausible approach any longer?<\/p>\n<p>Because of the persecution and violent riots (pogroms) that had been ravaging Jewish communities for centuries and that were showing no signs of abating, it&#8217;s not surprising that some Jews would arrive at the opinion that they would have to build their own country, distant from Europe, to find freedom and security.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 1% 0px 0px;\"><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"490\" title=\"Herzl_Basel_1901_retouched-1\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Herzl_Basel_1901_retouched-1-400x490.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-8965\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Herzl_Basel_1901_retouched-1-200x245.png 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Herzl_Basel_1901_retouched-1-400x490.png 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Herzl_Basel_1901_retouched-1-600x736.png 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Herzl_Basel_1901_retouched-1.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"margin-top:1.5%;margin-right:32%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), Austrian founder of the Zionist movement<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-3{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 1% !important;margin-right : 2.88%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.88%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-3{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-3{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-2{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-align-content-space-evenly\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p>It was to this possible future for the Jewish people that a Viennese Jew, Theodor Herzl, devoted his life.\u00a0 <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1896 he inscribed the idea into a pamphlet, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Jewish State<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Herzl was well aware that Eretz Israel (Biblical Israel, also known as Palestine, which today includes Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank) was already inhabited by a non-Jewish population, and his view of that situation was an unsettled one, sometimes\u00a0<\/span>expecting that Arab communities will relocate and sometimes emphasizing the aim of peaceful co-existence. In his novel <i>AltNeuLand<\/i> (1902), which was translated from German into many languages and reached a large worldwide audience, Herzl conceives the Jewish commonwealth in Palestine as one that ensures human rights and dignity for everyone, irrespective of ethnic origin or religious conviction. Arabs and Jews, men and women, are equal citizens and full participants in the project of building a democratic social order. One of the characters in the novel, Rashid Bey, an Arab engineer from Haifa who becomes one of the new country\u2019s leaders, explains why Arabs welcome Jewish migration to Palestine\u2014it has &#8220;developed the country and raised everybody&#8217;s standard of living.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>As represented in the novel, Herzl\u2019s homeland for the Jews is not conflict-free, however.\u00a0 There is a fanatical rabbi who campaigns for political office and argues that non-Jewish inhabitants of the new country are not full-fledged citizens and mustn\u2019t be allowed to vote.\u00a0 His view is rejected by the public and he is defeated. To be sure, Herzl&#8217;s vision here is romantic and utopian, but he points out in the preface to the novel that it anticipates an historical project, Zionism, that is actually underway.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>As it turns out, 20th-century Jewish emigration to the land of Palestine did not follow the peace-making guidelines that Herzl envisaged. Schlomo Avineri writes that Herzl<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cdid not foresee the emergence of a Palestinian national movement that would draw much of its ideological energy from opposing the Zionist project itself. While one might fault him for this, it is important to note that when he was writing, there was no Arab national movement in existence\u2014neither in Palestine, nor anywhere else.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Yet there were others at the time, Arabs and Jews alike, who were more prescient than Herzl.\u00a0 In 1899 the mayor of Jerusalem, Yusef Effendi al-Khalidi, wrote a letter to Herzl that said it was \u201cpure folly\u201d to try to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine, because the land\u00a0 was already \u201cinhabited by others.\u201d Herzl, falling back on colonial stereotypes of non-Europeans as uncivilized and backward, replied to the mayor that Zionism would bring modernity to Palestine and surely benefit the Arab population too: \u201cIt is their well-being, their individual wealth, which we will increase by bringing in our own.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Theodor Herzl was technologically minded, inclined to seek engineering solutions to human problems. His views of Palestinian Arabs were contradictory, sometimes respectful and sometimes disparaging, but never anticipating serious Arab resistance to the Zionist project. Zionist leaders who came after Herzl, however, were made more acutely aware of Palestinian opposition.\u00a0 To stave off such hostility, Chaim Weizmann, who would become the first president of Israel, went to Palestine in 1918 and signed an agreement with King Faisal of Iraq that called for the formation of two new states in Palestine, one Arab and one Jewish.\u00a0 This agreement was fiercely rejected, however, by both sides to the conflict.<\/p>\n<p>In the following decades, other Zionist leaders would be less sanguine about Arab-Zionist relations than Weizmann, and more intent on seizing and controlling the entire land of Palestine than in creating two states side-by-side. In 1937 Ze\u2019ev Jabotinsky described the conflict in stark terms:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cThere is no point talking about the possibility that the Arabs in Eretz Israel would consent to the Zionist plan while we are a minority here&#8230;. [this] is utterly illogical\u2014to obtain the Arabs\u2019 consent and goodwill to turn Eretz Israel from an Arabic country to a country with a Jewish majority.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hence Jabotinsky believed that only military might, not negotiation and compromise, could counter Arab resistance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-4{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-4{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-4{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-4\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1980\" height=\"1317\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-8993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360-400x266.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360-600x399.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360-800x532.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tel-aviv-in-the-sand-dunes-4-better-e1746980280360.jpg 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><p class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-text\">Lottery for plots of land purchased from Bedouins for building a new Jewish neighborhood near the town of Jaffa<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:3%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-5\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Weizmann_and_feisal_1918-2.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Weizmann_and_feisal_1918-2-200x157.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Weizmann_and_feisal_1918-2-400x315.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Weizmann_and_feisal_1918-2-600x472.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Weizmann_and_feisal_1918-2.jpg 761w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><p class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-text\">Chaim Weizmann (left) and Emir Faisal. Weizmann wears Arab dress as a sign of respect and friendship.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:3%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-6\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1126\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Great-Revolt-1936-2-e1746980143515.jpeg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-8989\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Great-Revolt-1936-2-e1746980143515-200x128.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Great-Revolt-1936-2-e1746980143515-400x256.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Great-Revolt-1936-2-e1746980143515-600x384.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Great-Revolt-1936-2-e1746980143515-800x512.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Great-Revolt-1936-2-e1746980143515.jpeg 1126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><p class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-text\">Palestinians taking an oath of allegiance to the Arab cause during the uprising in 1936<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-5{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-5{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-5{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-3{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 8%;padding-bottom : 2%;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 8%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-align-content-space-evenly fusion-flex-justify-content-center\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div style=\"text-align:right;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"678\" height=\"455\" title=\"PalestinianSymbols_PC-3\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/PalestinianSymbols_PC-3-1.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/PalestinianSymbols_PC-3-1-200x134.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/PalestinianSymbols_PC-3-1-400x268.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/PalestinianSymbols_PC-3-1-600x403.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/PalestinianSymbols_PC-3-1.jpg 678w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-6{width:30% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-6 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 4.8%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-6{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-6 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-6{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-6 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p>The debates about the validity of Zionism that began at the turn of the 20th century have never ceased. The issues remain contested today, and the consequences of the conflict are as horrific as ever in the past! What is striking is the historical persistence of misunderstandings, violence, and missed opportunities to find an acceptable path forward.\u00a0 The leadership on both sides has promoted hatred and war-making that have inflicted massive suffering. In the words of Rabbi Michael Lerner:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-7{width:40% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-7 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 2.4%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.4%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-7{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-7 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-7{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-7 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"max-width:95%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1037\" height=\"697\" title=\"jewishsymbols-13\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/jewishsymbols-13.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/jewishsymbols-13-200x134.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/jewishsymbols-13-400x269.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/jewishsymbols-13-600x403.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/jewishsymbols-13-800x538.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/jewishsymbols-13.jpg 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1037px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-8{width:30% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-8 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-8{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-8 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-8{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-8 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-4{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 5%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 5%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1040px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p>&#8220;Jews did not return to their ancient homeland to oppress the Palestinian people, and Palestinians did not resist the creation of a Jewish state out of hatred of the Jews&#8230;. both sides have made and continue to make terrible mistakes. Yet the choices of both sides are also understandable, given their perceptions of their own and the other\u2019s situation. As long as each community clings to its own story, unable to acknowledge what is plausible in the story of the other side, peace will remain a distant hope.\u2026 It is only when people in both communities are able to open their minds to each other with real depth, compassion, openheartedness, and generosity that we can achieve the kind of reconciliation of the heart necessary to sustain any peace agreement.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-9{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-9 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-9{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-9 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-9{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-9 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-5{ padding-top : 1%;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 22%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 22%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-align-content-center\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_5 1_5 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p><span style=\"color: #ffa782;\"><strong>Below we&#8217;ll take a deeper dive into the controversies about Judaism and Palestine at the turn of the 20th century, when Theodor Herzl was organizing an international Zionist movement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-10{width:20% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-10 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 9.6%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 9.6%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-10{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-10 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-10{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-10 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_4_5 4_5 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:1%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1734\" height=\"618\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together-200x71.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together-400x143.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together-600x214.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together-800x285.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together-1200x428.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/standing-together.jpg 1734w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"margin-right:14%;margin-left:14%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Standing Together<\/em> is an organization that brings together Jews and Palestinians against the occupation and for peace, equality, and social justice.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-11{width:80% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-11 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 2.4%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.4%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-11{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-11 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-11{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-11 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-6{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 5%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 5%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-align-content-space-evenly\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"margin-bottom:10px;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">What does the land of Palestine have to do with being Jewish?<\/h2>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"max-width:83%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1908\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9761\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb-200x113.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb-400x226.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb-600x340.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb-800x453.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb-1200x679.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/JewsDebating-21rgb.jpg 1908w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"margin-top:2%;margin-right:15%;margin-left:20%;\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although Zionism has evolved since\u00a0 the late-19th century when the modern movement began, it continues to hold out similar hopes and to raise similar questions. Our aim here is to cast light on its early history \u2013 including the reasons why some people embraced the cause while others objected to it \u2013 thereby encouraging dialogue and reflection today.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-12{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-12 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-12{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-12 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-12{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-12 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-7{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 4%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 4%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-align-content-space-evenly fusion-flex-justify-content-center\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The age-old Jewish longing for redemption, &#8220;Next year in Jerusalem,&#8221; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&#8217;Shana Haba&#8217;ah B&#8217;Yerushalayim, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which is shouted at the end of the Passover Seder and\u00a0 Yom Kippur, is a reminder of exile and an expression of hope for return to Biblical Israel (also known as Palestine).\u00a0 The Talmud expresses a reverence for this strip of land b<\/span>etween the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, \u00a0affirms the universal obligation of Jews to live there, and is confident that one day this dream will be fulfilled. But also very old is questioning about this prophecy; should such an ingathering be the destiny of <i>all<\/i> Jews? Might <i>L&#8217;Shana Haba&#8217;ah <\/i>be understood \u2013 and this too is suggested in scripture \u2013 as a prayer for <em>universal<\/em> redemption, for peace and freedom worldwide?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-13{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-13 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 2.88%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.88%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-13{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-13 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-13{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-13 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-11 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1750\" height=\"1166\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/jerusalemPhoto6-hercules.png 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-14{width:66.666666666667% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-14 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.44%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.44%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-14{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-14 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-14{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-14 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-8{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 8%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 12%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-align-content-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-align-content-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p>Let&#8217;s review the history of this controversy. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Viennese Jew, Theodor Herzl, who convened the first international Zionist congress in 1897, envisaged a secure \u201chomeland for the Jews\u201d that would put an end to the Diaspora.\u00a0 But the chief rabbi in late 19th-century Vienna, Moritz G\u00fcdemann, took exception to this\u00a0 Zionist project, and he confronted Herzl privately and in public. Just before the Zionist Congress took place, G\u00fcdemann published a widely read anti-Zionist polemic, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nationaljudenthum, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in which h<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e argued that Judaism is a world religion that stands in irreconcilable conflict with nationalism.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-0{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_4 1_4 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-12\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-12 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"729\" height=\"858\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Theodor_Herzl_retouched-200x235.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Theodor_Herzl_retouched-400x471.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Theodor_Herzl_retouched-600x706.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg 729w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Theodor Herzl<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-1{width:25% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 7.68%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 7.68%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_4 1_4 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-13\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-13 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"729\" height=\"858\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guedmann4.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guedmann4-200x235.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guedmann4-400x471.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guedmann4-600x706.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guedmann4.jpg 729w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Moritz G\u00fcdemann<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-2{width:25% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 7.68%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 7.68%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-2{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-2{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-15{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-15 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-15{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-15 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-15{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-15 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-9{ padding-top : 3%;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 15%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 15%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-align-content-space-evenly\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\" style=\"margin-top:2%;\"><p>Although he was acutely aware of the pogroms going on in Eastern Europe and Russia, along with amplifying antisemitism in Austria itself, G\u00fcdemann didn&#8217;t believe that Zionism offered a righteous path forward. The danger, he writes, is that a Judaism \u201cwith cannons and bayonets\u201d will \u201cswap the role of David for that of Goliath and be a pathetic travesty of itself.\u201d <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herzl was more hopeful, believing that Jewish settlement in Palestine would not only benefit the Arabs living there but also set an example for the world: &#8220;Nothing prevents us from being and remaining the exponents of a united humanity when we have a country of our own.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the disputes about Jewish identity and relationship to the land of Palestine that were occurring in late-19 century European countries remain unsettled today.\u00a0 Decades before the founding of the state of Israel in 1948, some European Jews raised questions about what the achievement of statehood in a distant land would mean.\u00a0 Among the participants in this conversation were two Austrian Jews, Bertha Pappenheim and Martin Buber.\u00a0 He was a Biblical scholar and teacher who embraced the Zionist cause and moved to Palestine.\u00a0 Pappenheim was a social activist who criticized Zionist methods and ethics.\u00a0 Despite their ideological differences, they became close friends who worked together and learned from one another.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-16{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-16 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-16{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-16 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-16{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-16 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-10{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 19%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 19%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-11 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-14\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><style>.awb-imageframe-style.awb-imageframe-style-14 .awb-imageframe-caption-container {margin: 0 auto;}<\/style><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"max-width:69%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"1063\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Bertha-Pappenheim-C-Bildquelle-3-1.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9590\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Bertha-Pappenheim-C-Bildquelle-3-1-200x302.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Bertha-Pappenheim-C-Bildquelle-3-1-400x604.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Bertha-Pappenheim-C-Bildquelle-3-1-600x906.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Bertha-Pappenheim-C-Bildquelle-3-1.jpg 704w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"max-width:69%;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\" style=\"margin-top:2%;\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936) wears a medal with the initials &#8220;JFB&#8221; standing for &#8220;J\u00fcdischer Frauenbund&#8221; (League of Jewish Women), an organization that she founded and led for 20 years.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201cWe Jews should remember that we can see the summit of Mount Sinai from anywhere in the world, from the Diaspora\u2014and Palestine too is Diaspora.\u201d<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-17{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-17 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-17{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-17 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-17{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-17 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\" awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-15\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><style>.awb-imageframe-style.awb-imageframe-style-15 .awb-imageframe-caption-container {margin: 0 auto;}<\/style><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"max-width:65%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"1063\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/buber-3.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/buber-3-200x305.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/buber-3-400x611.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/buber-3-600x916.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/buber-3.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"max-width:65%;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\" style=\"margin-top:2%;\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Martin Buber (1878\u20131965) is most well-known for his exploration of what he calls &#8220;I-Thou Relationships.&#8221;\u00a0 One&#8217;s whole being is involved when one is fully present and transparent to another, enabling recognition of their experience, dignity, and intrinsic worth.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201cFifty years ago, when I joined the Zionist movement for the rebirth of Israel, my heart was whole. Today \u2026 I cannot \u2026 even be joyful in anticipating victory, for I fear lest the significance of Jewish victory be the downfall of Zionism.\u201d<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-18{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-18 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-18{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-18 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-18{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-18 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-11{ padding-top : 2%;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 12%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 12%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-12 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\" style=\"margin-top:2%;\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two new ideas in the late 19th century \u2013 psychoanalysis and Jewish feminism \u2013 are bound up with the life of one woman, Bert<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ha Pappenheim.\u00a0 Before she became well-known as a social reformer, feminist, and founder of the field of social work, she entered the history of psychoanalysis as \u201cAnna O,\u201d the young patient whose case motivated the invention of the \u201ctalking cure\u201d (Pappenheim herself coined this name for her treatment) as a method of psychotherapy.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9469 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pappenheim-enigmaAnnaO-2-400x574.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"288\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pappenheim-enigmaAnnaO-2-200x287.png 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pappenheim-enigmaAnnaO-2-209x300.png 209w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pappenheim-enigmaAnnaO-2-400x574.png 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pappenheim-enigmaAnnaO-2.png 404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\" \/> \u00a0She was described by Sigmund Freud, in a book co-authored with Josef Breuer, Pappenheim\u2019s family doctor, as suffering from hysterical symptoms that included hallucinations, paralysis,\u00a0 facial pain, and disturbed speech\u2013sometimes she lost her German entirely and could\u00a0 converse only in English, French, or Italian! These symptoms had begun while she was caring for her dying father, and she entered therapy in 1880 at the age of 21. Freud and Breuer portray her as a beautiful woman with \u201ca powerful intellect and a penetrating intuition who was suffocated by an extremely monotonous existence of an upper-class daughter in a narrow-minded orthodox Jewish family.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pappenheim regained her health in her late 20s, emerging from her personal suffering with inexhaustible energy, compassion and vision.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>She traveled to Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Middle East to organize resistance against the plight of women entrapped in prostitution, sex trafficking and other forms of exploitation. While remaining religiously devout throughout her life, Pappenheim recognized that Jewish women had to deal not only with antisemitism but also with unequal treatment within Jewish tradition itself.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zionism, Pappenheim believed, could not provide a solution to the problems of being Jewish, especially not for women.\u00a0 On the contrary, the movement was biased in favor of men and retained women in subordinate roles. Biblical Palestine, in her view, is<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> most significant within Judaism as a carrier of meaning, not as a geographical center of authority that stands apart from the Diaspora and exercises authority over it.\u00a0 Pappenheim&#8217;s vision is inclusive: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cFor the spirit of Judaism, the whole world is just big enough&#8230;. We Jews should remember that we can see the summit of Mount Sinai from anywhere in the world, from the Diaspora\u2014and Palestine too is Diaspora.\u201d\u00a0 She traveled to Palestine extensively, collaborated with Zionist women, and participated in Zionist cultural programs.\u00a0 Yet she held that what fundamentally unites Jews can never be physical location but must remain their shared history and the values they hold dear.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-19{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-19 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-19{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-19 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-19{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-19 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\" style=\"margin-top:1%;\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Martin Buber agreed with Herzl about the need for a Zionist movement, but not about its aims.\u00a0 In a context of rising antisemitism Herzl&#8217;s focus was on territory and safety ensured by national sovereignty.\u00a0 In contrast, Buber embraced Zionism as a source of cultural and spiritual renewal.\u00a0 No less would be required, Buber thought, if Jews were going to meet their Arab neighbors in the land of Palestine with openness and an abundance of good will.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9669\" style=\"width: 338px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9669\" class=\"wp-image-9669\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"328\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-200x309.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-400x618.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-600x927.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-663x1024.jpg 663w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-768x1186.jpg 768w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BUBER-BALL-SHEM-1.jpg 971w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9669\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #d79581;\">Buber celebrated the life of Baal-Shem-Tov, a Kabbalist who founded Hasidism in the 18th century.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Buber moved to Jerusalem in 1938 and became a university professor there.\u00a0 Zionism for him meant &#8220;Hebrew humanism,&#8221; which is universalist in its outreach. &#8220;Israel&#8217;s problem, &#8221; he said, is inevitably &#8220;linked to the task of humanity in general.&#8221; T<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he return of Jews to the Holy Land, Buber believes, is bound up with the formation of a new kind of community that honors what is deeply meaningful and ethically compelling in the traditional canon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Such a progressive Zionism remains alive today, but is the dream not sharply contradicted by the laying waste of Gaza and the occupation of the West Bank? <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mindful of the admonition in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exodus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u201cYou shall neither mistreat nor oppress a stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt,\u201d Buber comments on Jewish-Palestinian conflict:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: left;\">&#8220;Remember \u2026 how the nations looked down upon us and continue to look down upon us at all places, as strangers, as an inferior group\u2026.. Let us be careful not to commit ourselves what has been committed against us! [We need] to imagine the soul of the other\u2014of the stranger \u2026. despite all our differences of interest (which result from illusion rather than politics) a political consensus is possible, for there is love for the land there and here, for there is a will for the future of this land there and here. And as we share this common love and common will, it is possible to work together.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-20{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-20 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-20{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-20 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-20{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-20 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-12{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 12%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 12%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-13 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-image: url(&quot;https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/dots-blog8-150x150-1.png&quot;);background-position: center center;background-repeat: repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1040px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"max-width:80%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/standing-together-march-4.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9752\" srcset=\"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/standing-together-march-4-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/standing-together-march-4-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/standing-together-march-4-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/standing-together-march-4-800x534.jpg 800w, https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/standing-together-march-4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\" style=\"margin-top:1.5%;margin-right:10%;margin-left:10%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #d79581;\">Jews and Palestinians march together against the war in Gaza and for equality, social and environmental justice, and peace.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"margin-right:;margin-bottom:3%;margin-left:;\"><p>Following in the footsteps of Bertha Pappenheim and Martin Buber, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many peacemakers, Palestinian and Jewish, have advocated mutual recognition of the human rights and dignity of both peoples, leading to negotiation that brings an end to the conflict. Economically as well as politically, history has shown what collaboration between Palestinian and Jewish communities can achieve. (<em>Connecting with the Enemy<\/em>, by Sheila Katz)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-21{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-21 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-21{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-21 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-21{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-21 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-13{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 1%;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9884","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9884","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9884"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9884\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10071,"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9884\/revisions\/10071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/barglow.com\/therese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9884"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}